Resistance from all sides
Source 1
In August 1956 thousands of women gathered at the Union Buildings in Pretoria to protest against the introduction of pass laws to black women. This photograph shows the leaders of the protest, Sophie Williams, Helen Joseph, Lilian Ngoyi and Rahima Moosa.
Source 2
This photograph is of learners protesting against the Bantu Education Act of 1953. Many people are aware of the school uprisings which took place in 1976. But young children also protested the introduction of the Bantu Education Act in large numbers in the early 1950s. About 7 000 children were expelled from school because of their protests. Unlike the 1976 protests, however, this protest did not become violent and lead to bloodshed.
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Source 3
This poem is adapted by South African Jessica Sherman from a protest song by American folksinger Tom Paxton.
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Source 4
This photograph shows a protest banner at the University of Witwatersrand in 1959.
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Source 5
Norma Kitson was a white, Jewish woman who fought in the struggle against apartheid. She was arrested and detained for 28 days for picketing outside the Johannesburg City Hall. This occurred shortly after the arrest of her husband, David Kitson. David formed part of the National High Command of Umkhonto we Sizwe after the sentencing of those accused at the Rivonia Trial. She was placed in a cell with Pixie Benjamin, another apartheid activist, who was engaged in a hunger strike at the time. In her autobiography, Where Sixpence Lives, she explains meeting Pixie in the cell.
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Source 6
This photograph shows a mass demonstration against unjust laws held in Red Square, Fordsburg in April 1952.
Source 7
Shirley Gunn was a political activist and social worker in Cape Town when she was recruited into the ANC and MK. She was held in solitary confinement in 1985 and in 1986 she left the country for military training. When she returned to South Africa in 1987, she and fellow MK member, Aneez Salie, set up and co-commanded the Ashley Kriel Unit. Their unit carried out a number of sabotage attacks, mainly targeting symbolic institutions and installations of the state such as magistrate’s courts, rent offices, police stations and SADF bases.
Source 8
In June 1955 leaders of the anti-apartheid movements called a Congress of the People at Kliptown, near Johannesburg. The congress resulted in the Freedom Charter. This photograph shows a delegation arriving at Kliptown.
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